Exploring Europe's Health Insurance Diversity

Europe's healthcare systems prioritize access and quality through varied insurance models, emphasizing universality while integrating digital innovations to enhance service efficiency.

Insurance Business Review | Thursday, April 24, 2025

Europe is widely recognised for its strong commitment to ensuring healthcare access for its residents, though the organisation and delivery of services differ considerably across countries. Health insurance systems are the foundation of these healthcare models, critical in facilitating timely access to medical care. Despite their diversity, European healthcare systems are commonly underpinned by shared principles, including universality, high-quality care, equity, and solidarity.

Models of Healthcare Financing and Insurance

European nations primarily organise their healthcare financing and insurance through two predominant models: the Beveridge Model and the Bismarck Model, often with variations or hybrid systems incorporating elements of both. The Beveridge Model, employed in countries like the United Kingdom and Sweden, is primarily funded through general taxation. Under this approach, healthcare services are delivered mainly by publicly owned institutions and are generally free at the point of use for legal residents. The government acts as the single payer, allocating tax revenues to finance the healthcare system, with insurance coverage closely tied to residency and tax contributions.

Stay ahead of the industry with exclusive feature stories on the top companies, expert insights and the latest news delivered straight to your inbox. Subscribe today.

Conversely, the Bismarck Model, which originated in Germany and has been adopted by nations such as France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, is based on compulsory social insurance contributions. In this system, employers and employees contribute to statutory, often non-profit “sickness funds.” These funds, which contract with a mix of public and private healthcare providers, operate within a tightly regulated multi-payer framework. Access to care is contingent on mandatory contributions, and while services are broadly accessible, they may involve co-payments or other cost-sharing mechanisms.

Many European countries operate mixed systems that combine features from both models or play a significant role in private insurance and out-of-pocket funding. Health insurance financing can thus draw from several key sources: general taxation (central to Beveridge-type systems), compulsory social security contributions (hallmark of Bismarck systems), government subsidies (to support vulnerable populations or specific services), patient co-payments (for consultations, medications, or procedures), and voluntary private insurance premiums.

Scope of Coverage under Statutory Insurance

Statutory health insurance across Europe typically ensures broad coverage of essential services, including general and specialist consultations, hospital care, emergency services, maternity care, basic diagnostic tests, and prescription medications (often with co-payments). Coverage for other services—such as dental and vision care, physiotherapy, and preventive screenings—varies widely by country. Some systems offer comprehensive benefits, while others limit access or reimburse a fixed percentage of the cost (e.g., 70–80 per cent), with the remainder covered by the patient or through supplementary insurance.

Access to healthcare services usually requires residents to register with a national health system or a statutory sickness fund, often obtaining a health insurance number or card. In most systems, initial registration with a general practitioner is a prerequisite. National health cards serve as proof of coverage; referrals from a General Practitioner are often necessary for specialist or non-emergency hospital care. Depending on the country, patients may receive services free at the point of care, be required to make co-payments, or pay upfront and seek reimbursement later.

Several mechanisms are in place to facilitate mobility and access to healthcare across borders. The European Health Insurance Card (EHIC)—and its UK counterpart, the Global Health Insurance Card (GHIC)—allows individuals temporarily residing in another participating country (EU, EEA, or Switzerland) to access medically necessary public healthcare under the same conditions as residents. This includes emergency treatment and management of chronic conditions but excludes planned treatments and private healthcare. For planned cross-border care, Directive 2011/24/EU enables EU citizens to seek treatment in another EU country and be reimbursed by their home system, up to the cost of equivalent domestic care. Prior authorisation is often required for hospitalisation or specialised procedures. Additionally, EU law facilitates the recognition of cross-border prescriptions, provided they meet specified formatting standards.

The Role of Voluntary Health Insurance

Voluntary health insurance complements statutory systems. It can be supplementary—covering co-payments, user fees, or services excluded from public coverage—or complementary, offering quicker access and broader provider choice. In some systems, private insurance may be substitutive, allowing specific individuals to opt out of public coverage entirely. Voluntary insurance, often employer-sponsored or individually purchased, provides benefits such as faster appointments, enhanced comfort, and access to private facilities.

Digital transformation is increasingly vital as eHealth tools—including telemedicine, electronic health records, digital appointment systems, and health monitoring applications—are becoming standard. The EU is advancing cross-border digital services through the MyHealth@EU infrastructure, enabling ePrescriptions and Patient Summaries. These allow for dispensing medications across borders and sharing patient health data (with consent) to ensure continuity of care. The European Health Data Space (EHDS) aims to enhance citizens' access to their health data and establish a secure framework for leveraging such data in research, innovation, and policymaking, while maintaining strict data protection. Insurance systems are evolving to integrate and potentially reimburse these emerging digital health solutions, reflecting a broader shift towards more accessible, efficient, and connected healthcare in Europe.

Health insurance services across Europe are characterised by their diversity, shaped by distinct national histories and healthcare philosophies. Despite these differences, they share a common objective: ensuring broad access to healthcare for all citizens. Most systems are primarily funded through taxation or social insurance contributions, providing comprehensive coverage for essential medical services.

Pan-European mechanisms such as the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC/GHIC) and the Cross-Border Healthcare Directive support citizens' mobility by facilitating access to care across member states. In addition, voluntary private insurance often complements public schemes, offering enhanced options and expedited access to services.

The integration of digital technologies is playing an increasingly pivotal role in enhancing efficiency, expanding access, and promoting patient empowerment. These advancements reflect an ongoing transformation towards more connected, efficient, and patient-centred healthcare systems across the continent.

More in News

Fostering Collaboration Between Insurance Agents and Public Adjusters

Filing an insurance claim can be daunting for policyholders, given the complex policy language and the extensive documentation required for damages. While independent insurance agents often offer initial guidance, the expertise of a public adjuster is invaluable in more complicated cases. By forming collaborative partnerships, independent agents and public adjusters can work together to ensure that clients receive fair, thorough, and timely claim settlements. The cornerstone of this collaboration lies in a shared commitment to the policyholder's best interests. Independent insurance agents, acting as trusted advisors, initially guide their clients through the claims process. However, when a claim becomes particularly complex, contentious, or when the policyholder feels overwhelmed or undervalued by the insurer's offer, agents often recognize the need for additional advocacy. This is where a public adjuster, a professional advocate working exclusively for the policyholder, can step in. Their role is to independently assess damages, interpret policy language, and negotiate with the insurance company on behalf of the insured. Establishing a Cohesive Partnership for Optimal Outcomes The most effective collaborations between independent agencies and public adjusters are built on clear communication and a mutual understanding of their roles. When an independent agent identifies a situation where a public adjuster's services would be beneficial, perhaps due to significant damage, a low initial offer from the insurer, or a challenging claims adjuster, they can proactively recommend a reputable public adjuster to their client. This initial referral is a critical step, demonstrating the agent's dedication to securing the best possible outcome for the policyholder, even if it means bringing in outside expertise. Once a public adjuster is engaged, open lines of communication between all parties are paramount. The independent agent can provide the public adjuster with essential policy documents, historical claim information, and insights into the client's specific needs and concerns. This information allows the public adjuster to quickly get up to speed and develop a comprehensive strategy for the claim. Conversely, the public adjuster keeps the independent agent informed of progress, challenges, and proposed settlement figures, ensuring the agent remains informed and can continue to provide support and reassurance to their client. This cohesive partnership minimizes redundant efforts, reduces potential misunderstandings, and ultimately streamlines the claims process for the policyholder. Ensuring Transparent Information Flow and Policyholder Empowerment Transparency is key to a successful collaboration. From the outset, both the independent agent and the public adjuster should clearly explain their respective roles, fees (in the case of the public adjuster), and the anticipated process to the policyholder. This ensures the policyholder is fully informed and comfortable with the collaborative approach. As the claim progresses, a continuous flow of information is vital. The public adjuster, being the primary negotiator, will gather evidence, obtain estimates, and communicate directly with the insurance company. They should regularly update both the policyholder and the independent agent on these interactions, providing detailed explanations of any offers, counter-offers, or disputes. The independent agent can serve as a valuable resource for the public adjuster by providing clarification on policy nuances or historical coverage. This synergistic relationship empowers the policyholder by providing them with access to a multifaceted team of professionals dedicated to their cause. The independent agent provides the ongoing relationship and initial guidance, while the public adjuster brings specialized expertise in claims advocacy. This collaborative model ensures that policyholders are not left to navigate complex claim scenarios alone, ultimately leading to more favorable settlements and a greater sense of security during a challenging time. ...Read more

Reinventing Insurance Services in Canada

The Canadian insurance claims service industry is evolving rapidly due to technological advancements, shifting customer expectations, and regulatory pressures, reinforcing its vital role in the nation's financial stability and recovery efforts. At its core, the insurance claims service industry in Canada is dedicated to assessing, processing, and settling claims arising from various types of insurance policies, including property and casualty, life, health, and commercial lines. This involves a multifaceted process that begins with the initial notification of loss and extends through investigation, evaluation of damage or liability, negotiation, and ultimately, payment or denial of the claim. The efficiency and fairness of this process are paramount to maintaining public trust and the overall health of the insurance ecosystem. Technological Transformation in Claims Processing A dominant theme shaping the current state of the industry is the accelerating adoption of technology. Insurers and claims service providers are increasingly leveraging digital solutions to streamline operations and enhance the customer experience. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are being integrated into various stages of the claims journey, from initial intake to fraud detection and even damage assessment. These technologies enable faster data processing, pattern identification, and the automation of routine administrative tasks, thereby freeing up human resources to focus on more complex cases and empathetic customer interactions. For instance, AI-driven tools are being employed to analyze images and sensor data, providing quicker and more accurate damage insights, particularly in the aftermath of large-scale events like wildfires. Similarly, robotic process automation (RPA) is being utilized to automate transactional processes, accounting, and regulatory compliance. Beyond AI and ML, other technological innovations are making a significant impact. Telematics, particularly in auto insurance, is enabling usage-based models where premiums and claims assessments can be linked to actual driving behaviour. This not only promotes safer practices but also allows for more personalized and equitable claims handling. Blockchain technology is also gaining traction, offering the potential for enhanced transparency and security in claims transactions through its immutable ledger, which can help reduce administrative complexities and deter fraudulent activities. Digital platforms and mobile applications have become commonplace, allowing policyholders to submit claims, upload documentation, and track their claim status in real-time, fostering a more convenient and accessible experience. Meeting Evolving Customer Expectations Customer expectations are another powerful force driving change within the Canadian claims service industry. Modern consumers, accustomed to seamless digital experiences across various sectors, demand similar levels of convenience, speed, and transparency from their insurers. There is a strong preference for digital interactions for routine inquiries and claim updates, coupled with an expectation for personalized service. While digital channels are gaining prominence, the human element remains crucial, especially for complex claims or in times of distress. Policyholders appreciate clear and straightforward communication about policy terms and the claims process, as well as the ability to interact with empathetic and knowledgeable human agents when needed. The industry is responding by developing omnichannel approaches that integrate digital tools with traditional human interaction, aiming to provide a consistent and responsive experience across all touchpoints. Regulatory Framework and Future Outlook The regulatory landscape in Canada provides a structured framework for the insurance claims industry. Both federal and provincial governments play a role in oversight. The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) is responsible for the prudential regulation of federally registered insurance companies, with a focus on solvency standards. Provincial and territorial governments, on the other hand, regulate market conduct, including how insurers operate within their respective jurisdictions, how claims are handled, and how consumer complaints are addressed and managed. This dual regulatory structure aims to protect consumers by ensuring financial soundness and fair treatment throughout the claims settlement cycle. Continuous engagement with regulatory bodies and adherence to codes of consumer rights and responsibilities are integral to operating within this environment. The Canadian insurance claims service industry is poised for continued transformation. The ongoing integration of advanced analytics, AI, and other emerging technologies is expected to enhance operational efficiency further, improve risk assessment, and ultimately lead to more personalized and proactive claims services. The industry is actively exploring how these technologies can enhance predictive capabilities, enabling early intervention and support for policyholders. The increasing frequency and severity of natural catastrophic events in Canada are also influencing the claims landscape, leading to a greater emphasis on rapid response, remote assessment tools, and robust recovery efforts. The focus on customer-centricity is expected to intensify, with insurers continuing to invest in solutions that provide greater transparency, ease of use, and a blend of digital and human interaction. The overall trajectory suggests a future where claims services are not just reactive but also highly efficient, empathetic, and digitally empowered, continuously adapting to the evolving needs of Canadian policyholders. ...Read more

Building Business Resilience through Customized Insurance

Today, the traditional "one-size-fits-all" approach to insurance coverage is becoming an anachronism. As companies navigate unique risks, evolving technologies, and diverse operational structures, the need for customized coverage is no longer a luxury but a strategic imperative. The Business Case for Customized Coverage Embracing customized insurance coverage delivers a wide range of tangible benefits that strengthen a company’s bottom line and long-term resilience. A tailored approach ensures precise alignment with a company’s unique risk profile, addressing specific vulnerabilities, industry exposures, and emerging risks. Every premium dollar is directed toward mitigating relevant threats, maximizing the value of the investment. By eliminating unnecessary coverage and focusing solely on genuine risks, organizations can optimize premium spending, achieving long-term savings while safeguarding against potentially catastrophic uninsured losses. Such bespoke coverage also enhances resilience and business continuity, equipping companies to withstand disruptions, minimize downtime, protect revenue streams, and maintain their reputation. Moreover, a well-structured risk management and insurance program signals stability and foresight, creating a competitive edge and boosting investor confidence. Clear, tailored policy language further streamlines claims processes, resulting in faster, more efficient, and more favorable outcomes. Customized insurance also supports innovation and growth, evolving in tandem with a company as it enters new markets, launches new products, or integrates advanced technologies. This approach fosters a deeper, more collaborative partnership with insurers, enabling organizations to tap into specialized expertise, receive proactive risk mitigation advice, and build a responsive, strategic relationship that extends beyond transactional coverage. Implementing Customized Coverage: A Strategic Approach Transitioning to customized coverage requires a strategic and collaborative approach. It begins with a comprehensive risk assessment that involves an in‑depth analysis of the organization’s operations, assets, liabilities, industry‑specific exposures, and emerging threats. This process should engage internal stakeholders across various departments and, where necessary, external risk management consultants. Equally important is partnering with specialist brokers and insurers who possess deep expertise in the relevant sector and a proven track record in crafting tailored solutions. These partners should be willing to invest the time needed to understand the nuances of the business model. Data‑driven decision‑making is critical throughout this process, utilizing historical claims data, industry benchmarks, and predictive analytics to inform both risk evaluation and policy design. As business risks evolve, customized policies must be reviewed and adjusted regularly to ensure continued relevance and adequacy. Clear communication with all stakeholders, supported by thorough documentation of coverage details, exclusions, and responsibilities, is essential to foster understanding and enable efficient claims management. In an era where differentiation is key, relying on generic insurance policies is a missed opportunity for businesses to optimize their risk management, protect their assets, and enhance their long-term viability. The business case for customized coverage is clear and compelling: it leads to more efficient risk transfer, optimized premium spend, improved resilience, and a stronger competitive position. By moving beyond the "one-size-fits-all" mentality, businesses can transform insurance from a mere cost center into a strategic asset that underpins growth and ensures sustained success. ...Read more

Strategies for Managing Insurance Third-Party Risks

In today’s insurance landscape, third-party relationships play a vital role in delivering comprehensive services. Insurers often collaborate with brokers, vendors, claims adjusters, and technology providers, creating a complex network of interdependencies. While these partnerships can enhance customer satisfaction, scalability, and operational efficiency, they also introduce significant third-party risks. Effectively managing these risks requires a holistic approach that combines thorough risk assessments, robust governance frameworks, and continuous monitoring. The primary challenge in managing third-party risks is the lack of direct control over external entities. For insurers, this means relying on partners to adhere to regulatory standards, maintain cybersecurity protocols, and deliver promised services. A failure in any of these areas can lead to reputational damage, financial loss, or regulatory penalties. To mitigate these risks, insurers must conduct comprehensive due diligence before entering into any partnership. The process should include evaluating third parties' financial health, operational resilience, and compliance history. Governance plays a critical role in third-party risk management. Insurers must implement formal policies and procedures to govern their relationships with third parties. These frameworks should outline roles and responsibilities, define performance metrics, and specify reporting requirements. Contractual agreements should include clauses that address liability, data protection, and compliance with industry standards. Insurers should ensure that third-party partners align with their risk appetite and ethical values. Another significant aspect of managing third-party risks is cybersecurity. With the increasing digitization of the insurance industry, third-party systems are often integrated with an insurer's internal infrastructure, creating potential vulnerabilities. Cyberattacks on third-party vendors can lead to data breaches, compromising sensitive customer information. Insurers should conduct thorough cybersecurity assessments of their partners, ensuring they employ robust encryption, multi-factor authentication, and regular vulnerability testing. Insurers must have contingency plans in place to respond to cybersecurity incidents swiftly. The platforms can track key performance indicators, flag deviations, and provide actionable data to mitigate risks promptly. Regulatory compliance is a cornerstone of third-party risk management in the insurance sector. Insurers are subject to stringent regulations that mandate oversight of their third-party relationships. To ensure adherence, insurers must stay updated on evolving regulatory requirements and incorporate them into their third-party risk management programs. Training and awareness programs for employees and partners can further enhance compliance efforts. Insurers can navigate these risks effectively by conducting thorough due diligence, implementing robust governance frameworks, strengthening cybersecurity measures, and continuously monitoring partner performance. Staying vigilant about regulatory compliance ensures that third-party partnerships do not compromise the insurer's operational integrity. With a strategic and structured approach, insurers can harness the benefits of third-party collaborations while minimizing potential downsides, fostering a resilient and trustworthy ecosystem. ...Read more